Sam Stranks, an experimental physicist at Cambridge University, is a firm believer in the power of solar energy to dramatically reduce global carbon emissions. “Solar could well be the solution to our energy needs and getting rid of emissions,” he says. “It’s an infinite source, but expensive to harvest.” Stranks thinks instead of just installing more solar panels, we should focus on making panels that are more efficient. One way to do that is to add a perovskite layer to today’s commercially available solar panels.

Perovskite is a mineral coating that is applied directly to a typical solar cell to boost its efficiency. “We could take a silicon solar panel with a lab record efficiency of converting sunlight to electricity of 25 per cent, add a perovskite layer, and boost the power generation by a fifth,” says Stranks. “For a solar cell, the maximum efficiency is around 30 per cent – but with one of these perovskite ‘tandem’ layers it could go up to around 50 per cent.”

The thin crystalline films are made by mixing two readily available salts without the need for costly high-temperature processing. “They could cost half of their silicon counterparts,” Stranks says. “In just three years, the efficiency has hit 21 per cent and rising — whereas conventional silicon took 30 years to get to that stage. You can inkjet print it; you can spool off reels like newsprint. And half a cup of the ‘ink’ would make enough perovkite solar panels to power a home.” Early commercial applications, he suggests, are likely in 2017. “Hybrid perovskites over the past three years have become nearly as efficient as silicon. You get solar cells that are so light they can be suspended on a soap bubble.

Stranks’ enthusiasm has to be tempered with some unpleasant realities. Keith Emery, who compiles the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s solar cell efficiency data, explains why perovskites need a disclaimer. “The samples degrade very quickly to zero. They degrade fast enough that it has prevented intercomparing results among groups or even having an independent efficiency measurement.” Light, air and water are all kryptonite to perovskites, according to NASDAQ.com. Silicon cells are far more durable. The best way to preserve them so they last long enough to be commercially viable is to encapsulate them, but that adds weight and cost, reducing their competitive price advantage claims Yuanyuan Zhou, PhD candidate at Brown University’s School of Engineering.

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The co-founder of a project that saw a solar-powered aircraft complete the first fuel-free flight around the world this year expects electric passenger planes to operate in just under 10 years.

Bertrand Piccard, who along with fellow pilot Andre Borschberg founded Solar Impulse, also shrugged off concerns that U.S. President-elect Donald Trump’s appointment of a fossil fuel industry defender as his top environmental official could hamper global clean technology efforts.

Since completing their historic fuel-free flight in July, Piccard and Borschberg have been working on projects to show how the technologies used in their plane can be used in other applications.

Borschberg said they were especially interested in how the technology could be used to develop small electric planes with a flying time of about 1.5 hours. The two plan to announce their next project early next year, Borschberg said.

“In 9 years and 8 months, you’ll have 50 people travelling short-haul on electric planes,” Piccard, founder and chairman of Solar Impulse told an IATA airlines association briefing in Geneva.

“Why 9 years and eight months? Because since four months, I’ve been saying it will be ’10 years’. It will happen,” he added.

Piccard said that it didn’t matter what people thought about climate change because clean technology was getting cheaper and would help to drive growth. He cited examples of insulation making homes cheaper to live in, of LED lights reducing lighting costs.

“Five years ago everything that was clean tech was more expensive – that is not the case today. If the aim is to be profitable and create jobs, then coal is out of business,” he said.

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