Iowa is betting on big batteries to help it unlock more wind energy potential as a lack of grid capacity begins to constrain development in parts of the state.
The Iowa Economic Development Authority for the past couple of years has been funding and encouraging research into various forms of battery storage. In July, it gave Steve Martin, a materials science and engineering professor at Iowa State University, a $480,000 grant to continue work aimed at making a battery based on solid sodium.
Should Martin succeed in devising a feasible way to store large amounts of power in a solid-state sodium battery, it could be “a game-changer,” said Brian Selinger, who directs the Economic Development Authority’s energy office. Sodium, one of the two ingredients in table salt, is the seventh most common mineral and would be easy and cheap to acquire compared to the relatively rare lithium used in most batteries.
The award was the largest of 10 energy grants issued this summer and the only one for work on storage technology. The authority sees great economic development potential in energy storage and has raised its profile in keeping with the recommendations of the 2016 Iowa Energy Plan.
Batteries today typically use liquid lithium or sulfuric acid to shuttle ions back and forth between the battery’s positive and negative poles. A few use a liquid form of sodium. Although lithium-ion is the prevalent technology in cell phones and electric vehicles, it has important limitations, according to Martin.
In its liquid form, lithium is volatile and vulnerable to exploding when heated. Also, it is a fairly expensive soft metal whose cost Martin predicts will “skyrocket” as the demand for battery storage escalates. That would make it a pricey technology to pair with the grid in general and wind energy in particular.
He and a few others around the world are working to solve technical issues so that sodium batteries can come to market and provide storage on a massive scale.
“This is a very large problem,” Martin said. “If you’re going to build gigawatts of batteries for storing wind energy, it takes tons and tons and tons of sodium.”
Work is underway to devise ways to stash large amounts of energy in vanadium redox flow batteries, molten salt, and compressed or liquid air, according to Jason Burwen, vice president for policy at the Energy Storage Association.
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